Electromagnetics

Optical lenses are used in a wide range of applications to manipulate incoming light or in general electromagnetic radiation. Three-dimensional (3D) simulations of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and lenses, which are typically made of dielectric materials can be used in the design process of lenses and lens systems or optimization without the need to construct costly prototypes and perform lengthy experiments.

High-power microwave generation is possible by using gyrotron devices that provide millimeter and upper sub-millimeter range radiation. Due to the inaccessibility of measurements in the core part of the gyrotron, which is a vacuum tube, simulations can offer significant insight into the relevant physics at nowadays moderate computational costs.